Essay --

When operating a business it is essential that a business analyses where it jump in a mart in the present moment as they are then able to grasp at possible enhancements which could be make in order to successfully improve their products or services. It is also important that a business is able keep up with todays eternally changing laws and legislations which through the use of the information they are able to adjust to such changes. SWOT analysis is a method used by organisations to avail them analysis, evaluate and take into account different factors within and outside the organisations which can have an influence on their product. SWOT stands for Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. It enables businesses to clearly form a lawful point of view on a products marketing state. For instance using my business plan to re-launch the Zune I can see that the strength and weaknesses of the business would be factors that are internal such as cost production, quality and pric ing. While the opportunities and threats would be the external relating to factors such as competitors, audience, trends and politics. The table below illustrates how SWOT would put one over to my business planStrength(Internal)The strengths are the advantages that the corporation has which enable it to operate with little or no problems. In the case of Microsoft one advantage is that it has been in the market for a long time and has a wide experience in marketing. Its reputation is also another strength as it is a intumesce known brand name therefore customers are more homogeneously to prefer their products as they will expect a high quality product. The chief(prenominal) strength that Microsoft has is its financial position since the company is worth billions of pounds, this will... ...control in the short-run a good example being minimum wage in the UK which the company has no control over, however the company can respond to that change by shifting its major operations in U K to a country like China where minimum wages are not as high compared to the UK wage regulations. That response would help reduce production cost.Boston matrix helped businesses in assessing when to lay largely in prolonging their products for example at a star category more funds are needed to remain in the market where both market share and market growth are at their peak. If not properly checked it could fall into the cow cash category.It is also institute that the product life cycle concept assist businesses in knowing at what stage the product stands. Therefore the firm is able to know when to invest in order to extend products life or rather to avoid decline stage.

A Short Site Stop :: Halloween Internet Computers Technology Essays

A Site for Mindless Fun Entering the world of the World Wide sack can be an intimidating project to undertake. For those who are not extremely computer savvy this task may seem impossible and many may be scared off by the many options the Internet offers. For someone who intends to surf the Internet to browse the many wonders it presents the Website titled Halloween.com may be a good choice for the casual viewer. Yet, if one is looking for a very informative straightforward website with strictly facts and no fabrication this may be a website one should just pass right by. Halloween.com is lacking some information that may be useful for someone doing research on that thing. Therefore it my be a good idea not to waste ones time browsing the article presented on this website. The reason being it offers no information on any of the authors who have written the articles leaving no indication on the qualifications of the writers. So with this in mind the information contai ned in the article should be taken with a grain of salt. In addition, there are also no dates given as to when the essays were published leaving the reader to wonder nigh the validity of the content. But, some valuable information that is present on the homepage of the website is that of when the site was last updated. This is an important fact to look at because the site was just deep updated so it shows that at least the site is not out of date. The essays the website contains seem to be that of opinion only with no sources cited to back up the information described. So with no sources and no legitimate author it is hard to accept that these essays are credible, although Halloween is a subject where many may have a innate customary knowledge. With all this in mind a defense for the website is a variety of subjects are covered about Halloween and for an entertainment purpose only the website could be considered useful. unmatched benefit this site does contain is f or the novice browser this Website is user friendly. The information is represented in such a way that it provides easy navigation to the topic of ones choice.

The No Child Left Behind Act: Impact on the Assessment of Special Educa

The No Child Left Behind Act Imp morsel on the Assessment of special(prenominal) Education StudentsThree years after the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) moved into our schools there is a great deal of fray that questions whether the act implemented by president George W. Bush is helping or hurting an already suffering school system. There are many dimensions of the NCLB act that have been questioned over the past three years the fair assessment of students with disabilities is one of them. As the National Center for Fair & pass around Testing (NCFOT) topiced, the usual relations aspect of this act is strong. However, all other areas of the new law are falling short of meeting their goals. In an annual report loosen developed by the NCFOT in 2005 accountability was rated with a ?D? and high-quality assessments with an ?F?. They further explain that Bush?s act encourages the use of commercial testing where they should be using classroom based assessments. Also, the accountabili ty is somewhat misleading and can cause schools that are moving forward to turn into test-prep schools (NCFOT, 2005). While this report card focuses on how the NCLB act affects all subgroups in education, it is important to look at one group in particular the special education students. President Bush?s NCLB act is forcing special education students to perform on statewide assessments that are above their intelligence level and are often requiring them to belong the assessments in order to receive a high school diploma. This often causes teachers, such as Lindley Corcoran, a special education teacher at Sheppard Pratt hush-hush school for students with severe disabilities, to teach to the test rather than teach practical functional skills which she believes will be ... ...ting Office. Fair Test. (2005). The National Center for Fair & Open Testing. Retrieved from http//www.fairtest.orgGoldhaber, D. (2002). What might go wrong with the accountability measures of the ?No Child Left Behind Act The Urban Institute.Improving accountability for limited English handy and special education studentsunder the No Child Left Behind Act. (2003). Washington argona School Study Council. No educator left buttocks Testing special education students. (2003). Retrieved March 18, 2005, from http//www.education-world.com/a_issues/NELB/NELB025.shtmlOlson, L. (2004). Data show schools making progress on federal goals. Education Week,24, 24-28. Retrieved from http//www.edweek.orgTomes, H. Ph.D. (2004). In public interest Are we really leaving no child behind? American Psychologist, 35, 31-35. Retrieved from www.apa.org

Television - Lost in the Unreal World of TV :: Media

Lost in the Unreal World of TVIn our modern society, two separate worlds exist. The first, the world of reality, is where most of our important animation experiences take place. The second, however, is where nothing substantial exists. Nothing there can have any direct impact on our lives. This is the world of the unreal the world of television. television receiver lures people in with wonderful stories that have very little or no application to the real world. Instead of teaching about how the world works, it replaces sun-loving human interaction. When people watch television, they receive only input. This does not help them deal with other people, because it does not train them to respond. Doing things with other people is necessary to word social skills, which must be used every day.Television does not provide any workable context for behaving around people. Everyone knows that television shows are designed to be entertaining, not to show how actual people will react to certain situations. When a person watches television, a mind is wasted. That person is throwing away cadence which could be used for a number of productive tasks. Which person, when asked what they did in life that was really important, would reply I watched as much television as I could?As similar their names might sound, a television is not like a telephone. A telephone connects two peoples minds to each other, while a television only sends pictures and sounds to one persons eyes and ears. In fact, if you let television affect your mind too much, it can cripple your imagination. You might have to a greater extent images stored in your mind, but you will be out of practice for generating new ideas. Television does not provoke original thought.Sometimes television is deceiving because the watcher feels affiliated to a character on the screen. The observer begins to mimic the characters emotions, and feels satisfied at the end of the episode, as if something had really been accomplished. What the viewer feels is just the opposite of what has happened.

Othello: its Themes Essay -- Othello essays

Othello its Themes In the Shakespearean tragedy Othello how many themes are there? And which ones predominate. This paper seeks to elucidate the reader on this subject. In her book, Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections generally on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the seeming predominance of the theme of loss in the drama In any event, what comes to us most forcefully from the stage in Othello is not mystery but the agony of loss, loss all the more tragic, in some instances, for not being inevitable. Brabantio loses (in every sense) his much-loved and child and eventually dies of grief. Cassio in a drunken moment loses his soldiers discipline, then his lieutenancy and his cherished comradeship with Othello. Othello, in turn, losing under Iagos development his ability to distinguish the individual woman he married from the standard cynical stereotype, abandons with it all pride in his profession together with the self-command that make him the man he was. And Desdemona, t hrough no real fault of her own, loses the magical handkerchief. (131) The theme of loss, however, is not the theme on which the play opens. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeares sad Heroes indicates that detest is the theme on which this play opens It is then on a theme of hate that the play opens. It is a hate of inveterate anger. It is a hate that is bound up with envy. Othello has preferred to be his lieutenant a military theorist, one Michael Cassio, over the experienced soldier Iago, to whom has fallen instead the post of his Moorships ancient. Roderigo questions Iago Thou toldst me thou didst hold him in thy hate. And the reply is a torrent of proof of the hatred for Othello... ...Ferguson, Francis. Two Worldviews Echo Each Other. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. reprinting from Shakespeare The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p. n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Cl arice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British Academy Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Othello: its Themes Essay -- Othello essays

Othello its Themes In the Shakespearean tragedy Othello how many themes are there? And which ones predominate. This publisher seeks to elucidate the reader on this subject. In her book, Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the seeming predominance of the theme of loss in the frolic In any event, what comes to us most forcefully from the stage in Othello is not mystery but the agony of loss, loss all the more tragic, in some instances, for not being inevitable. Brabantio loses (in every sense) his much-loved only child and eventually dies of grief. Cassio in a drunken moment loses his soldiers discipline, then his lieutenancy and his care for comradeship with Othello. Othello, in turn, losing under Iagos tuition his ability to distinguish the individual woman he married from the standard cynical stereotype, abandons with it all reserve in his profession together with the self-command that made him the man he was. And Desdemona , through no real fault of her own, loses the magical handkerchief. (131) The theme of loss, however, is not the theme on which the influence opens. Lily B. Campbell in Shakespeares Tragic Heroes indicates that hate is the theme on which this play opens It is then on a theme of hate that the play opens. It is a hate of inveterate anger. It is a hate that is bound up with envy. Othello has preferred to be his lieutenant a military theorist, one Michael Cassio, over the experienced soldier Iago, to whom has fallen instead the post of his Moorships ancient. Roderigo questions Iago Thou toldst me thou didst hold him in thy hate. And the reply is a torrent of proof of the iniquity for Othello... ...Ferguson, Francis. Two Worldviews Echo Each Other. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Shakespeare The Pattern in His Carpet. N.p. n.p., 1970. Gardner, Helen. Othello A Tragedy of Beauty and Fortune. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from The Noble Moor. British honorary society Lectures, no. 9, 1955. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Mack, Maynard. Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Keynes Theory of Income and Employment Essay

The term classical economists was firstly used by Karl Marx to describe economic thought of Ricardo and his predecessors including Adam Smith. However, by classical economists, Keynes meant the followers of David Ricardo including John Stuart Mill, Alfred circulate and Pigou. t exclusivelyy to Keynes, the term classical economics refers to the traditional or orthodox principles of economics, which had come to be accepted, by and large, by the soundly known economists by then. cosmos the follower of Marshal, Keynes had himself accepted and taught these classical principles.But he repudiated the doctrine of laissez-faire. The two broad features of classical theory of employment were (a) The presumptuousness of full employment of wear toss off and other productive resources, and (b) The flexibility of prices and wages to bring about the full employment (a) Full employment- According to classical economists, the labour and the other resources argon always fully employed. Moreover , the general over-production and general unemployment are assumed to be impossible. If at that place is any unemployment in the country, it is assumed to be temporary or ab habitual.According to classical views of employment, the unemployment can non be persisted for a long time, and there is always a tendency of full employment in the country. (b) Flexibility of prices and wages- The second assumption of full employment theory is the flexibility of prices and wages. It is the flexibility of prices and wages which automatically brings about full employment. If there is general over-production resulting in depression and unemployment, prices would fall as a result of which accept would increase, prices would rise and productive activity will be stimulated and unemployment would tend to disappear.Similarly, the unemployment could be cured by cutting down wages which would increase the demand for labour and would stimulate activity. Thus, if the prices and wages are allowed to move fall by the waysidely, unemployment would disappear and full employment level would be restored. Says Law- 1. Says Law is the foundation of classical economics. Assumption of full employment as a normal condition of a free foodstuff thriftiness is justified by classical economists by a law known as Says Law of Markets. 2. It was the theory on the basis of which classical economists thought that general over-production and general unemployment are not possible. . According to the French economist J. B. Say, confer creates its own demand. According to him, it is production which creates marketplace for goods. More of production, more of creating demand for other goods. There can be no problem of over-production. 4. Say denies the possibility of the deficiency of aggregate demand. 5. The conceived Says Law describes an important fact about the working of free-exchange of economy that the main source of demand is the sum of incomes earned by the various productive factors from the functioning of production itself.A new productive process, by paying out income to its employed factors, generates demand at the same time that it adds to supply. It is and so production which creates market for goods, or supply creates its own demand not only at the same time but alike to an fit extent. 6. According to Say, the aggregate supply of commodities in the economy would be exactly equal to aggregate demand. If there is any deficiency in the demand, it would be temporary and it would be ultimately equal to aggregate supply. Therefore, the employment of more resources will always be profitable and will take to the point of full employment. 7.According to Says Law, there will always be a sufficient rate of total expending so as to grip all resources fully employed. Most of the income is washed-out on consumer goods and a par of it is saved. 8. The classical economists are of the view that all the savings are spent automatically on investment goods. Savings and investme nts are interchangeable words and are equal to each other. 9. Since saving is another form of spending, according to classical theory, all income is spent part for consumption and partly for investment. 10. If there is any gap between saving and investment, the rate of interest brings about equality between the two.Basic Assumptions of Says Law- (a) of a sudden competitive market and free exchange economy. (b) Free flow of money incomes. All the savings must be immediately invested and all the income must be immediately spent. (c) Savings are equal to investment and equality must bring about by flexible interest rate. (d) No intervention of politics in market operations, i. e. , a laissez faire economy, and there is no government expenditure, taxation and subsidies. (e) Market size is limited by the volume of production and aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. (f) It is a closed economy.The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade prec eding realism War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or archean 1940s. It was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the worlds economy can decline. The depression originated in the U. S. , starting with the fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929 and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929.From there, it right away spread to almost every country in the world. The Great Depression had devastating effects in virtually every country, rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped. Unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25%, and in some countries rose as high as 33%. British economist John Maynard Keynes argued in General opening of Employment Interest and Money that lower aggregate expenditures in the economy contributed to a massive decline in income and to employment that was well below the average.In such a situation, the economy reached counterweight at low levels of economic activity and high unemployment. Keynes basic idea was simple to keep people fully employed, governments have to run deficits when the economy is slowing, as the private sector would not invest enough to keep production at the normal level and bring the economy out of recession. Keynesian economists called on governments during times of economic crisis to pick up the slack by increasing government spending and/or cutting taxes.Criticism of Keynes on Classical Theory-The law of J.B Say was finally falsified and laid to rest with the writings of Lord J.M. Keynes. He in his book, General Theory, has severally citicized the Says La on the following grounds. Posibility of defficiency of affective demand-He says that in a compatative market it is not necessory that all income earned is automatically sp end on cosumption and investment. A part of Income may be saved and may go to increase individual holdings. There may, thus appear a deficiency in aggregate demand causing overproduction and unemployment in the country. Pigous view on wage cuts-Keynes criticized the view that a general cut in real wages in times of depression is a cure for unemployment. Keynes is of the view that a general cut in real wages may reduce the aggrigate demand for goods and deepen depression. Saving investment equality-The Says Law assumes that micro economic synopsis can profitably by by applied to the economy as a whole. Keynes rejects this view and says that for the explanation of the general theory of income and employment, the macro economic outline is required. Saving investment equality-Keynes was never convinced of the classical version that interest elasticity can equate savings ad investment. According to him, It is the income not the rate of interest which is the equilibrium force between sa ving and investment. Monopoly element-Says Law assumes perfect competition in the economy. Keynes says It is the imperfect closure which in practice prevails in the product and factor market. Role of Trade unions-In the contemporary capitalistic world, The trade unions bargain with the employers for the fixation of wages. The state also fixes minimum wages in certain industries. Short run economics-Keynes says that, the lenth of long run is not clear in Says law.Keynes Theory Of Income And EmploymentJohn Maynard Keynes wrote his esteemed book General Theory of Employment in 1936. Keynes has strongly criticised the classical theory in his book. His theory of employment is astray accepted by modern economists. Keynesian economics is also known as new economics and economic revolution.Definition-In short period, level of national income and so of employment is determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply in the country.Volume of employment depends on the level of national inco me and output. Increase in national income means increase in employmentThe equilibrium of national income occurs where aggregate demand is equal to aggregate supply. This equilibrium is also called effective demand point.

Macbeth †Study Guide †Act I Essay

1.Why is Scotland at war at the opening of the play?Scotland is at war at the opening of the play because Mackdonwald, a rebel, was move to overthrow Duncan and pose a deal with the King of Norway.2.What three predictions do the witches make in Scene 3?-Macbeth will be Thane of Glamis-He will be Thane of Cawdor-He will be King of Scotland.3.Who is named heir to the Scottish throne?Malcom is named heir to the Scottish throne since he is King Duncans oldest son.4.What is the double trust that makes Macbeth undulate to kill Duncan?In Macbeths first soliloquy, he expresses his doubts about murdering the king. Among the reasons he should not kill the king be his double bond as kinsman (countryman) and subject, which should make him oppose the deed he is contemplating.5.How do the murderers plan to implicate Duncans grooms?They will smear the blood of Duncan on the sleeping chamberlains to cast the guilt upon them.6.What automatic teller and heart are created in the short opening sce ne?Macbeth opens with a scene which creates an atmosphere of foreboding and introduces the evil powers which are about to tempt Macbeth to his ruin. The tone of this scene is evil and intimidating.7.When we are first introduced to Macbeth by the nobleman to Duncan, what is the readers initial impression?The readers initial impression when we are first introduced to Macbeth by the nobleman to Duncan, is a good one regarding Macbeth. Duncan and the nobleman make us picture Macbeth as a brave, victorious general who knew what to do and who saved Scotland from losing the battle. Macbeth seems loyal to his King, Duncan8.In what ways is Banquo lesser than Macbeth, and greater?Banquo is lesser than Macbeth meaning potentially since Macbeth is the King and has more power, but he (Banquo) is greater than Macbeth, not as happy as him, yet happier9.What impression do you form of Lady Macbeth Act I?Lady Macbeth has a passion of ambition. Her disposition is high, proud, and commanding. We observ e in her no love of country, and no interest in the welfare of anyone outside her family. Her habitual thoughts and aims are, and, we imagine, long have been, all of station and power. She supports and loves Macbeth but does not brood her husband.10.How is Macbeth feeling in his soliloquy in the beginning of Scene 7? What is his state of mind?Macbeths soliloquy shows that he shrinks from the murder of Duncan his wife, however, forces him into action with her put one over that he is a coward. His fear foreshadows the way that his deeds will eventually come back to haunt him.11.Shakespeare ends Act One with Macbeth and Lady Macbeth plotting the murder of Duncan.a.How on the nose do they plan to kill him?While Duncan sleeps, she will give his chamberlains wine to make them drunk, and then she and Macbeth can slip in and murder Duncan.b.What is the dramatic ensnare of concluding the act by letting us see the murder plot as it crystallizes?Will he or wont he? Audience is kept in a st ate of dramatic tension and suspense

Stalin: Movie Review

Yousef Khalil Modern World taradiddle Research Paper Stalin Hollywood enamourms to portray most of the historic celluloids it produces in ideally in tack for them to sell. Movie producers twist the original legend and subscribe to up some facts, translated into digs, which would attract the auditory sense to a particular word picture. But should we blame Hollywood, or the audience for being less aw are of our history, and estimable pay to decide movies for the sake of entertainment, not caring on how historic ally inaccurate it is?The idea of historical yetts literally being rewritten for the sake of an close to fictional retelling is something that arouse be regarded as controversial, moreover the fact of the matter is that Hollywood and delineation writers will always be able to take a historical story and gaminess it up simply for the sake of creating drama and subsequent revenue as a result. These bourgeons often contain the based on a true story message, just as long as it is not actually classed as a factual film, there is essentially nothing wrong with taking a historical event an re-telling it for the sake of a film.Not every(prenominal) event in history contained passable drama to be made into a film, solely as long as the general basis of the event had the potential to create drama. Hollywood will always be able to take the story and make it into a blockbuster masterpiece just as they call for done in the one-time(prenominal) and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. As long as they continue to do so, the concept is something that will continue to be shrouded in controversy from both historical enthusiasts and film critics a alike. Stalin (1992) was the movie of my cream that I think has the closest historically accurate content than any otherwise movie.Narrated by Stalins daughter Svetlana, this begins with Stalin joining Lenin and the Bolsheviks in their fight against the government, eventually scene up their own government themselves. Most of his biography is well known to us, however this movie brings out the character of Stalin as a psycho villain who did not trust a single person, not even his associates, and took extreme measures to exterminate all of them. His ego and paranoia alienated him from his friends and his family, even to the point where his wife Nadya (Julia Ormond) commits self-destruction and young Svetlana hates him.But in the end, he does not change, and this leads to his downfall and death. This movie substantially wasnt a cinema film, but a television movie that wasnt going to play neither in theaters nor around the world, which might count for something. This film would have been ruined by a big studio production. at that place is no way to Hollywoodize Josef Stalin. He was perhaps the worst and most brutal tyrant of the twentieth century. Estimates range from 20-40 million deaths he was responsible for (Rummel, 2006) He was in no way a nice man. In him there was not an ounce of decency, lone(prenominal) a vast void of feeling that Robert Duvall conveyed very well.The film itself almost seemed hollow or lifeless at times, and generally moved slowly. Passers meticulous method acting pays off, however, with powerful performances from Plowright, Schell, and Ormond complimenting Duvalls brilliance. My whole point is Duvall is Stalins embodiment. This film is historically excellent. What most reviewers seem hung up on are accents, make-up and costumes. Most comment that it is historically inaccurate but give nothing very specific. The film is a broad overview of the life of Stalin and could never include every element of his life.All the chief(prenominal) historical is there the Revolution, the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin, Stalins rise to power, The considerable famines, The Great Purges and WWII. The film gives great insight into Stalin and the paranoia that he experienced and how that paranoia influenced the way he control over the Soviet Union. macrocosmy of the other characters were somewhat glossed over, but the film is essentially almost Stalin and what made him tick, not near the intricate backgrounds of other revolutionaries and supporters. If the viewers dont come away from the film thinking what a dent Stalin was, then(prenominal) they simply missed the point.The way that he treated his family, friends and so-called counterrevolutionaries is illustrated correctly in this film. The end of the film brings up a very important principal that I think many previous reviewers had difficulty with. Fact under Stalin the Soviet Union industrialized to levels never seen before. With industrialization, this could enable the USSR to compete in the world on par with the US. It would also lead to the development of a nuclear and henry bomb, on par with the US (Brainerd, 2002). The film brings up the captious question of whether or not Stalin was necessary for the USSR.That is a powerful and thought provoking question that one carries away from this film. Any film that lingers in the viewers mind and makes them think has meritoriousness. Is it a perfect film? No. Is it historically inaccurate to merit throwing it away? Absolutely not. Robert Duvall does an excellent and convincing job of portrait a monster. But this is one of the rare biopics that offers fewer opinions and more facts. Over three hours long, the movie covers the dictators life from his exile in Siberia, when he took the name Stalin, up to his death in 1953.It does not try to feature the then world politics and even contemporary Russia as a whole, nor does it waste further concealing time on the social reaction to Stalins policies too much. It features Stalin and altogether Stalin. It focuses exclusively on his individual(prenominal) life (naturally, since the movie is narrated by his daughter Svetlana) and his take on the fellow comrades of the party. The filmmakers remain more-or-less true to the facts, gi ving neither imaginative shock moments nor just field of battle history. Stalins wife committed suicide, which made me think whether that touch on him psychologically later on.It is hard to know what effect did the death of Stalins wife had on him. Clearly the film needed an overarching plot structure to effort an expla farming of a complex man. Unfortunately, it is impossible to get inside Stalins head. If anything, the man was driven by hatred and little else, a hatred that is difficult to articulate, but which was at least admirably displayed in the film. The portrayals of Stalins wife and some of his associates were less convincing. This is the fault of the helping hand or the direction or both, not the actors.For example, Stalins second wife Nadya was not quite an the principled heroine seen here who apparently took her own life because she saw no other escape from the evil that her husband was bringing to the country. The real Nadya brought some of her own riddles to her marriage and these contributed to her death. (Marsolais, 2010) Bukharin, wretched in his final weeks, may have been the top hat of them but that was saying little. He was not quite the noble, tragical swan portrayed. He was prone to hysterics, about his own problems primarily. The suffering millions could suffer as long as he was approved of.During his final imprisonment, Bukharin wrote to Stalin offering to do anything, set up his name to anything, if only Stalin would be his friend again. (Marsolais, 2010) Stalin takes all the heat and deserves plenty, but many of the eternal sleep of the people around him seem like innocents, fooled by him, purpose out too late that they were caught up in his evil and were either corrupted or ruined by it. But Stalin, like Hitler and any other dictator, was only possible because those around him saw advantage for themselves in supporting him. If theres a problem with this film its that it lets some of Stalins minions off the hook.It settles for extremes Stalin and his chiefs of secret police on the one hand, and the good or loyal but naive on the other. But the only innocents were the people of the former Soviet Union, those far from power whose lives were destroyed according to the requirements of a command economy. So many deaths and so many slaves were required from every walk of life, like so many tons of iron, to oppose quotas. They are acknowledged in the films dedication. Those around Stalin, however, were all up to their elbows in blood just as he was, obsessed with their own positions, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev included.This is perhaps something to go for in mind in watching a generally excellent and historically accurate film. When evaluating Stalin, I think of it in comparison to Nixon, some other biopic with convertible scope and ambition. And, quite honestly, this film comes out streets ahead, for one single reason it tries to explain what Stalin was, but not why he was like it. There is no feeb le psycho summary, no looking inside his mind, and no needless and questionable reconstructions of his own self-reflections. What you see in this movie is the directors interpretation of what you might have seen if youd followed Stalin around.He gives you the dots. You can then join them by drawing your own conclusions. It works because Duvall is fantastic at Stalin, both in terms of appearance, voice characterization, and his general manner. Having read about Stalin for some years, I had no trouble accepting that the man on the screen was the Man of Steel. The film is essentially reconstructed from the diaries of Stalins daughter, Nadya, and therefore some aspects are historically questionable. But as historic epics go it follows the research and convention thinking quite closely it doesnt digress into wild peculation like Stone, and doesnt tell either. It does make the error of dichotomizing characters into good and bad Bukharin, for example, is portrayed as something of a great man in this film, then again, that seems to be the standard modus operandi of historical films these days. The biggest problem anyone making a film about a tyrant will face, is exactly how much they know (or dont know) about the atrocities their regimes commit, and to what extent do they get involved do they sit, aloof, like Hitler at Bertchesgarten. Or do they lead slaughter brigades like Amin?Stalin seems to be quite detach from it all, even when on a train travelling through and through the freezing, starving villages of the steppes. A rabid paranoia about being overthrown, a distrust of others, and a fierce, almost inhumane determination to meet goals were at the core of Stalins despotism. flock meant little to Stalin they were expendable, disposable and unreliable, even his wife and children, and this idea comes through loud and clear in this well put together and quite entertaining biographical epic. Stalin appeals as a genius in the first years of his Soviet leadership.T he film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. cardinal event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the feared leader of Russia. What unfeignedly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinist politicians, executing many of his better friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror, the funeral scene at the conclusion of the film drips with irony.Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership. The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the feared leader of Russia. What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of ant i-Stalinistic politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror.Works Cited Brainerd, Elizabeth. Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union an analysis using archival and anthropometric data. capital of the United Kingdom Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2006. How Many Did Stalin Really Murder? The Distributed Republic. 09 Dec. 2010 lthttp//www. distributedrepublic. net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin-really-murder/gt. Marsolais, By Jesse. Facing Up to Stalin Magazine The Atlantic. The Atlantic News and analysis on politics, business, culture, technology, national, international, and food TheAtlantic. com. 09 Dec. 2010 lthttp//www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2004/07/facing-up-to-stalin/3390/gt.Stalin Movie ReviewYousef Khalil Modern World History Research Paper Stalin Hollywood seems to portray most of the historical movies it produces inaccurately in order for them to sell. Movie producers twist the original story and make up some facts, translated into scenes, which would attract the audience to a particular movie. But should we blame Hollywood, or the audience for being less aware of our history, and just pay to watch movies for the sake of entertainment, not caring on how historically inaccurate it is?The idea of historical events literally being rewritten for the sake of an almost fictional retelling is something that can be regarded as controversial, but the fact of the matter is that Hollywood and film writers will always be able to take a historical story and spice it up simply for the sake of creating drama and subsequent revenue as a result. These films often contain the based on a true story message, but as long as it is not actually classed as a factual film, there is essentially nothing wrong with taking a historical event an re-telling it for the sake of a film.Not every event in history contained enough drama to be made into a fi lm, but as long as the general basis of the event had the potential to create drama. Hollywood will always be able to take the story and make it into a blockbuster masterpiece just as they have done in the past and will continue to do so into the foreseeable future. As long as they continue to do so, the concept is something that will continue to be shrouded in controversy from both historical enthusiasts and film critics alike. Stalin (1992) was the movie of my choice that I think has the closest historically accurate content than any other movie.Narrated by Stalins daughter Svetlana, this begins with Stalin joining Lenin and the Bolsheviks in their fight against the government, eventually setting up their own government themselves. Most of his biography is well known to us, however this movie brings out the character of Stalin as a psycho villain who did not trust a single person, not even his associates, and took extreme measures to exterminate all of them. His ego and paranoia a lienated him from his friends and his family, even to the point where his wife Nadya (Julia Ormond) commits suicide and young Svetlana hates him.But in the end, he does not change, and this leads to his downfall and death. This movie really wasnt a cinema film, but a television movie that wasnt going to play neither in theaters nor around the world, which might count for something. This film would have been ruined by a big studio production. There is no way to Hollywoodize Josef Stalin. He was perhaps the worst and most brutal tyrant of the 20th century. Estimates range from 20-40 million deaths he was responsible for (Rummel, 2006) He was in no way a nice man. In him there was not an ounce of decency, only a vast void of feeling that Robert Duvall conveyed very well.The film itself almost seemed hollow or lifeless at times, and generally moved slowly. Passers meticulous method pays off, however, with powerful performances from Plowright, Schell, and Ormond complimenting Duvalls bri lliance. My whole point is Duvall is Stalins embodiment. This film is historically excellent. What most reviewers seem hung up on are accents, make-up and costumes. Most comment that it is historically inaccurate but give nothing very specific. The film is a broad overview of the life of Stalin and could never include every element of his life.All the important historical is there the Revolution, the power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin, Stalins rise to power, The great famines, The Great Purges and WWII. The film gives great insight into Stalin and the paranoia that he experienced and how that paranoia influenced the way he ruled over the Soviet Union. Many of the other characters were somewhat glossed over, but the film is essentially about Stalin and what made him tick, not about the intricate backgrounds of other revolutionaries and supporters. If the viewers dont come away from the film thinking what a bastard Stalin was, then they simply missed the point.The way that he t reated his family, friends and so-called counterrevolutionaries is illustrated correctly in this film. The end of the film brings up a very important question that I think many previous reviewers had difficulty with. Fact under Stalin the Soviet Union industrialized to levels never seen before. With industrialization, this could enable the USSR to compete in the world on par with the US. It would also lead to the development of a nuclear and hydrogen bomb, on par with the US (Brainerd, 2002). The film brings up the critical question of whether or not Stalin was necessary for the USSR.That is a powerful and thought provoking question that one carries away from this film. Any film that lingers in the viewers mind and makes them think has merit. Is it a perfect film? No. Is it historically inaccurate to merit throwing it away? Absolutely not. Robert Duvall does an excellent and convincing job of portraying a monster. But this is one of the rare biopics that offers fewer opinions and mo re facts. Over three hours long, the movie covers the dictators life from his exile in Siberia, when he took the name Stalin, up to his death in 1953.It does not try to feature the then world politics and even contemporary Russia as a whole, nor does it waste further screen time on the social reaction to Stalins policies too much. It features Stalin and only Stalin. It focuses exclusively on his personal life (naturally, since the movie is narrated by his daughter Svetlana) and his take on the fellow comrades of the party. The filmmakers remain more-or-less true to the facts, giving neither imaginative shock moments nor just plain history. Stalins wife committed suicide, which made me think whether that affected him psychologically later on.It is hard to know what effect did the death of Stalins wife had on him. Clearly the film needed an overarching plot structure to attempt an explanation of a complex man. Unfortunately, it is impossible to get inside Stalins head. If anything, th e man was driven by hatred and little else, a hatred that is difficult to articulate, but which was at least admirably displayed in the film. The portrayals of Stalins wife and some of his associates were less convincing. This is the fault of the script or the direction or both, not the actors.For example, Stalins second wife Nadya was not quite the principled heroine seen here who apparently took her own life because she saw no other escape from the evil that her husband was bringing to the country. The real Nadya brought some of her own problems to her marriage and these contributed to her death. (Marsolais, 2010) Bukharin, wretched in his final weeks, may have been the best of them but that was saying little. He was not quite the noble, tragic swan portrayed. He was prone to hysterics, about his own problems primarily. The suffering millions could suffer as long as he was approved of.During his final imprisonment, Bukharin wrote to Stalin offering to do anything, put his name to anything, if only Stalin would be his friend again. (Marsolais, 2010) Stalin takes all the heat and deserves plenty, but many of the rest of the people around him seem like innocents, fooled by him, finding out too late that they were caught up in his evil and were either corrupted or destroyed by it. But Stalin, like Hitler and any other dictator, was only possible because those around him saw advantage for themselves in supporting him. If theres a problem with this film its that it lets some of Stalins minions off the hook.It settles for extremes Stalin and his chiefs of secret police on the one hand, and the good or loyal but naive on the other. But the only innocents were the people of the former Soviet Union, those far from power whose lives were destroyed according to the requirements of a command economy. So many deaths and so many slaves were required from every walk of life, like so many tons of iron, to meet quotas. They are acknowledged in the films dedication. Those arou nd Stalin, however, were all up to their elbows in blood just as he was, obsessed with their own positions, Bukharin, Zinoviev, and Kamenev included.This is perhaps something to bear in mind in watching a generally excellent and historically accurate film. When evaluating Stalin, I think of it in comparison to Nixon, another biopic with similar scope and ambition. And, quite honestly, this film comes out streets ahead, for one single reason it tries to explain what Stalin was, but not why he was like it. There is no feeble psychoanalysis, no looking inside his mind, and no needless and questionable reconstructions of his own self-reflections. What you see in this movie is the directors interpretation of what you might have seen if youd followed Stalin around.He gives you the dots. You can then join them by drawing your own conclusions. It works because Duvall is fantastic at Stalin, both in terms of appearance, voice characterization, and his general manner. Having read about Stalin for some years, I had no trouble accepting that the man on the screen was the Man of Steel. The film is essentially reconstructed from the diaries of Stalins daughter, Nadya, and therefore some aspects are historically questionable. But as historic epics go it follows the research and convention thinking quite closely it doesnt digress into wild peculation like Stone, and doesnt propagandize either. It does make the error of dichotomizing characters into good and bad Bukharin, for example, is portrayed as something of a great man in this film, then again, that seems to be the standard modus operandi of historical films these days. The biggest problem anyone making a film about a tyrant will face, is exactly how much they know (or dont know) about the atrocities their regimes commit, and to what extent do they get involved do they sit, aloof, like Hitler at Bertchesgarten. Or do they lead slaughter brigades like Amin?Stalin seems to be quite detached from it all, even when on a tra in travelling through the freezing, starving villages of the steppes. A rabid paranoia about being overthrown, a distrust of others, and a fierce, almost inhumane determination to meet goals were at the core of Stalins despotism. People meant little to Stalin they were expendable, disposable and unreliable, even his wife and children, and this idea comes through loud and clear in this well put together and quite entertaining biographical epic. Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership.The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the feared leader of Russia. What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinist politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror, the funeral scene at the conclusion of the film drips with irony.Stalin appeals as a protagonist in the first years of his Soviet leadership. The film portrays him as an outcast, but one who is a firm follower of Lenin and communism. One event after another pushes him up the Soviet leadership ladder, until he becomes the feared leader of Russia. What truly stirs the emotions of the viewer is how he betrays his friends and family in his fight for leadership. He purges the nation of anti-Stalinistic politicians, executing many of his best friends cold-heartedly in the process. In the end, Stalin is a monumental device of terror.Works Cited Brainerd, Elizabeth. Reassessing the standard of living in the Soviet Union an analysis using archival and anthropometric data. London Centre for Economic Policy Research, 2006. How Many Did Stalin Really Murder? The Distributed Republic. 09 Dec. 2010 lthttp//www. distributedrepublic. net/archives/2006/05/01/how-many-did-stalin- really-murder/gt. Marsolais, By Jesse. Facing Up to Stalin Magazine The Atlantic. The Atlantic News and analysis on politics, business, culture, technology, national, international, and food TheAtlantic. com. 09 Dec. 2010 lthttp//www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2004/07/facing-up-to-stalin/3390/gt.

Foundation’s Edge CHAPTER NINE HYPERSPACE

HYPERSPACETrevize tell, Are you expressy, Janov?Pelorat looked up from the book he was viewing and express, You mean, for the jump, old fellow?For the hyperspatial jump. Yes.Pelorat sw all(a) in allowed. immediately, youre authoritative that it will be in no way uncomfortable. I hump it is a silly thing to fear, nonwithstanding the legal opinion of having myself reduced to incorporeal tachyons, which no unrivalled has ever seen or detectedCome, Janov, its a perfected thing. Upon my honor The jump has been in use for twenty-two thousand years, as you explained, and Ive neer byssus of a one fatality in hyper blank shell. We efficiency come issue of hyper lacuna in an uncomfortable place, that indeed the accident would happen in infinite not while we be composed of tachyons.Small consolation, it seems to me.We wont come out in error, either. To tell you the truth, I was envisageing of carrying it through and through without telling you, so that you would never know it had happened. On the whole, though, I matt-up it would be intermit if you experienced it consciously, saw that it was no problem of each kind, and could forget it totally henceforward.Well give tongue to Pelorat dubiously. I suppose youre right, buthonestly Im in no hurry.I assure youNo no, old fellow, I accept your assurances unequivocally. Its however that Did you ever read Sanertestil Matt?Of course. Im not illiterate.Certainly. Certainly. I should not project ingested. Do you remember it?Neither am I an amnesiac.I seem to have a endowment fund for dour closing. on the whole I mean is that I keep thinking of the scenes where Santerestil and his friend, Ban, have gotten away from Planet 17 and are lost in space. I think of those perfectly hypnotic scenes among the stars, lazily moving along in deep silence, in changelessness, in Never believed it, you know. I loved it and I was moved by it, but I never in reality believed it. But now after I got used to however th e notion of being in space, Im experiencing it and its silly, I know but I dont want to give it up. Its as though Im SanterestilAnd Im Ban, state Trevize with just an edge of impatience.In a way. The pure scattering of dim stars out there are motionless, except our sun, of course, which mustiness be shrinking but which we dont see. The Galaxy retains its dim majesty, unchanging. Space is silent and I have no distractions bar me.Except you. But then, Golan, dear chap, talking to you round Earth and trying to teach you a bit of prehistory has its pleasures, too. I dont want that to come to an end, either.It wont. non immediately, at any rate. You dont suppose well take the jump and come through on the surface of a planet, do you? Well still be in space and the jump will have taken no measurable while at ail. It may well be a week to begin with we entrap one across surface of any kind, so do relax.By surface, you surely dont mean Gaia. We may be nowhere near Gaia when we co me out of the jump.I know that, Janov, but well be in the right sector, if your information is correct. If it isnt wellPelorat shook his head glumly. How will being in the right sector alleviate if we dont know Gaias co-ordinates?Trevize said, Janov, suppose you were on Terminus, heading for the town of Argyropol, and you didnt know where that town was except that it was somewhere on the isthmus. Once you were on the isthmus, what would you do?Pelorat waited cautiously, as though feeling there must be a terribly sophisticated answer forebodeed of him. Finally giving up, he said, I suppose Id ask somebody.Exactly What else is there to do? Now, are you ready?You mean, now? Pelorat scrambled to his feet, his pleasantly unemotional face coming as near as it might to a look of c erstrn. What am I supposed to do? Sit? Stand? What?Time and Space, Pelorat, you dont do anything. Just come with me to my room so I ass use the estimator, then sit or stand or turn cartwheels whatever will make you just about comfortable. My suggestion is that you sit before the view cover charge and watch it. Its sure to be interesting. ComeThey stepped along the short corridor to Trevizes room and he seated himself at the ready reckoner. Would you like to do this, Janov? he asked suddenly. Ill give you the figures and all you do is think them. The computer will do the rest.Pelorat said, No thank you. The computer doesnt work well with me, somehow. I know you say I just need practice, but I dont believe that. Theres something about your mind, GolanDont be foolish.No no. That computer just seems to fit you. You and it seem to be a single organism when youre hooked up. When Im hooked up, there are two objects involved Janov Pelorat and a computer. Its just not the same.Ridiculous, said Trevize, but he was vaguely delight at the thought and stroked the hand-rests of the computer with loving fingertips.So Id rather watch, said Pelorat. I mean, Id rather it didnt happen at all, but a s long as it will, Id rather watch. He fixed . his eyes anxiously on the view covering and on the foggy Galaxy with the thin powdering of dim stars in the foreground. Let me know when its about to happen. Slowly he backed against the wall and braced himself.Trevize smiled. He placed his hands on the rests and felt the mental union. It came more easily day by day, and more intimately, too, and however he might scoff at what Pelorat said he actually felt it. It seemed to him he scarcely needed to think of the co-ordinates in any conscious way. It almost seemed the computer knew what he wanted, without the conscious process of telling. It lifted the information out of his brain for itself.But Trevize told it and then asked for a two-minute separation before the jump.All right, Janov. We have two minutes 120 115 110 Just watch the viewscreen.Pelorat did, with a slight tightness about the corners of his brim and with a holding of his breath.Trevize said softly, 15 10 5 4 3 2 1 0With no indubitable motion, no perceptible sensation, the view on the screen changed. There was a distinct thickening of the starfield and the Galaxy vanished.Pelorat started and said, Was that it?Was what it? You flinched. But that was your fault. You felt nothing. Admit it.I harmonize it.Then thats it. vogue back when hyperspatial travel was relatively new according to the books, anyway there would be a queer internal sensation and some people felt dizziness or nausea. It was perhaps psychogenic, perhaps not. In any case, with more and more experience with hyperspatiality and with better equipment, that decreased. With a computer like the one on board this vessel, any effect is well below the threshold of sensation. At least, I find it so.And I do, too, I must admit. Where are we, Golan?Just a step forward. In the Kalganian region. Theres a long way to go yet and before we make another move, well have to take aim the accuracy of the jump.What bothers me is wheres the G alaxy?All around us, Janov. Were weal in locating it, now. If we focus the viewscreen properly, we can see the more distant parts of it as a luminous band across the sky.The opaque Way Pelorat cried out joyfully. Almost every world describes it in their sky, but its something we dont see on Terminus. Show it to me, old fellowThe viewscreen tilted, giving the effect of a swimming of the starfield across it, and then there was a thick, pearly luminosity nearly filling the field. The screen followed it around, as it thinned, then swelled again.Trevize said, Its thicker in the counselling of the center of the Galaxy. Not as thick or as bright as it might be, however, because of the dark clouds in the spiral arms. You see something like this from most inhabited worlds.And from Earth, too.Thats no distinction. That would not be an identifying characteristic.Of course not. But you know. You havent studied the history of science, have you?Not really, though Ive picked up some of it, natu rally. Still, if you have questions to ask, dont expect me to be an expert.Its just that making this jump has put me in mind of something that has always puzzled me. Its attainable to work out a description of the innovation in which hyperspatial travel is impossible and in which the run of light traveling through a vacuum is the absolute maximum where speed is concerned.Certainly.Under those conditions, the geometry of the universe is such that it is impossible to make the trip we have just undertaken in less time than a ray of light would make it. And if we did it at the speed of light, our experience of duration would not match that of the Universe generally. If this spot is, say, forty parsecs from Terminus, then if we had gotten here at the speed of light, we would have felt no time lapse but on Terminus and in the entire Galaxy, about a hundred and thirty years would have passed. Now we have make a trip, not at the speed of light but at thousands of times the speed of lig ht actually, and there has been no time advance anywhere. At least, I hope not.Trevize said, Dont expect me to give you the mathematics of the Olanjen Hyperspatial Theory to you. All I can say is that if you had traveled at the speed of light deep down normal space, time would indeed have advanced at the rate of 3.26 years per parsec, as you described. The so-called relativistic Universe, which humanity has understood as uttermost back as we can probe inter prehistory though thats your department, I think remains, and its laws have not been repealed. In our hyperspatial jumps, however, we do something out side the conditions under which relativity operates and the rules are different. Hyperspatially the Galaxy is a tiny object ideally a nondimensional dot and there are no relativistic cause at all.In fact, in the mathematical formulations of cosmology, there are two symbols for the Galaxy Gr for the relativistic Galaxy, where the speed of light is a maximum, and Gh for the hy perspatial Galaxy, where speed does not really have a nub. Hyperspatially the value of all speed is zero and we do not move with reference to space itself, speed is infinite. I cant explain things a bit more than that.Oh, except that one of the beautiful catches in theoretical physics is to place a symbol or a value that has meaning in Gr into an equation dealing with G11 or vice versa and leave it there for a student to deal with. The mishaps are enormous that the student falls into the bunker and generally remains there, sweating and panting, with nothing seeming to work, till some kindly elder helps him out. I was neatly caught that way, once.Pelorat considered that gravely for a while, then said in a perplexed sort of way, But which is the true Galaxy?Either, depending on what youre doing. If youre back on Terminus, you can use a car to carry on distance on pop and a ship to cover distance across the sea. Conditions are different in every way, so which is the true Terminu s, the land or the sea?Pelorat nodded. Analogies are always risky, he said, but Id rather accept that one than risk my sanity by thinking about hyperspace any further. Ill concentrate on what were doing now.Look upon what we just did, said Trevize, as our first stop toward Earth.And, he thought to himself, toward what else, I wonder.Well, said Trevize. Ive wasted a day.Oh? Pelorat looked up from his careful indexing. In what way?Trevize spread his arms. I didnt trust the computer. I didnt dare to, so I checked our present position with the position we had aimed at in the jump. The difference was not measurable. There was no detectable error.Thats good, isnt it?Its more than good. Its unbelievable. Ive never heard of such a thing. Ive gone through jumps and Ive directed them, in all kinds of ways and with all kinds of devices. In school, I had to work one out with a hand computer and then I sent off a hyper-relay to check results. Naturally I couldnt send a real ship, since aside fr om the expense I could easily have placed it in the affectionateness of a star at the other end.I never did anything that bad, of course, Trevize went on, but there would always be a sizable error. Theres always some error, purge out with experts. Theres got to be, since there are so many variables. Put it this way the geometry of space is too complicated to handle and hyperspace compounds all those complications with a complexity of its own that we cant even pretend to understand. Thats why we have to go by steps, instead of making one big jump from here to Sayshell. The errors would grow worse with distance.Pelorat said, But you said this computer didnt make an error.It said it didnt make an error. I directed it to check our actual position with our precalculated position what is against what was asked for. It said that the two were identical at bottom its limits of measure and I thought What if its lying?Until that moment, Pelorat had held his printer in his hand. He now p ut it down and looked shaken. Are you joking? A computer cant lie. Unless you mean you thought it might be out of order.No, thats not what I thought. Space I thought it was lying. This computer is so advanced I cant think of it as anything but human superhuman, maybe. Human enough to have pride and to lie, perhaps. I gave it directions to work out a course through hyperspace to a position near Sayshell Planet, the great(p) of the Sayshell Union. It did, and charted a course in twenty-nine steps, which is arrogance of the worst sort.Why arrogance?The error in the first jump makes the second jump that oftentimes less certain, and the added error then makes the third jump pretty wobbly and untrustworthy, and so on. How do you calculate twenty-nine steps all at once? The twenty-ninth could end up anywhere in the Galaxy, anywhere at all. So I directed it to make the first step only. Then we could check that before proceeding.The cautious approach, said Pelorat warmly. I approveYes, but having do the first step, might the computer not feel wounded at my having mistrusted it? Would it then be forced to salve its pride by telling me there was no error at all when I asked it? Would it find it impossible to admit a mistake, to own up to imperfection? If that were so, we might as well not have a computer.Pelorats long and gentle face saddened. What can we do in that case, Golan?We can do what I did waste a day. I checked the position of several of the surrounding stars by the most primitive possible methods telescopic observation, photography, and manual measurement. I compared each actual position with the position expected if there had been no error. The work of it took me all day and wore me down to nothing.Yes, but what happened?I found two whopping errors and checked them over and found them in my calculations. I had made the mistakes myself. I corrected the calculations, then ran them through the computer from scratch just to see if it would come up with th e same answers independently. Except that it worked them out to several more decimal places, it turned out that my figures were right and they showed that the computer had made no errors. The computer may be an arrogant son-of-the-Mule, but its got something to be arrogant about.Pelorat exhaled a long breath. Well, thats good.Yes indeed So Im going to let it take the other twenty-eight steps.All at once? ButNot all at once. Dont worry. I havent become a daredevil just yet. It will do them one after the other but after each step it will check the surroundings and, if that is where it is supposed to be within tolerable limits, it can take the next one. Any time it finds the error too great and, believe me, I didnt set the limits generously at all it will have to stop and recalculate the remaining steps.When are you going to do this?When? Right now. Look, youre working on indexing your LibraryOh, but this is the chance to do it, Golan. Ive been meaning to do it for years, but somet hing always seemed to get in the way.I have no objections. You go on and do it and dont worry. Concentrate on the indexing. Ill take care of everything else.Pelorat shook his head. Dont be foolish. I cant relax till this is over. Im scared stiff.I shouldnt have told you, then but I had to tell somebody and youre the only one here. Let me explain frankly. Theres always the chance that well come to rest in a perfect position in interstellar space and that that will happen to be the precise position which a speeding meteoroid is occupying, or a mini-black hole, and the ship is wrecked, and were dead. Such things could in theory happen.The chances are very small, however. After all, you could be at home, Janov in your study and working on your films or in your bed sleeping and a meteroid could be streaking toward you through Terminuss atmosphere and hit you right in the head and youd be dead. But the chances are small.In fact, the chance of intersecting the path of something fatal, but too small for the computer to know about, in the course of a hyperspatial jump is far, far smaller than that of berg hit by a meteor in your home. Ive never heard of a ship being lost that way in all the history of hyperspatial travel. Any other type of risk like ending in the middle of a star is even smaller.Pelorat said, Then why do you tell me all this, Golan?Trevize paused, then bent his head in thought, and ultimately said, I dont know. Yes, I do. What I suppose it is, is that however small the chance of catastrophe might be, if enough people take enough chances, the catastrophe must happen eventually. No matter how sure I am that nothing will go wrong, theres a small nagging voice inside me that says, by chance it will happen this time. And it makes me feel guilty. I guess thats it. Janov, if something goes wrong, exonerate meBut Golan, my dear chap, if something goes wrong, we will both be dead instantly. I will not be able to forgive, nor you to receive forgivene ss.I understand that, so forgive me now, will you?Pelorat smiled. I dont know why, but this cheers me up. Theres something pleasantly humorous about it. Of course, Golan, Ill forgive you. There are plenty of myths about some form of afterlife in world literature and if there should happen to be such a place about the same chance as landing on a mini-black hole, I suppose, or less and we both turn up in the same one, then I will bear witness that you did your honest best and that my death should not be laid at your door.Thank you Now Im relieved. Im willing to take my chance, but I did not enjoy the thought of you taking my chance as well.Pelorat wrung the others hand. You know, Golan, Ive only known you less than a week and I suppose I shouldnt make hasty judgments in these matters, but I think youre an excellent chap. And now lets do it and get it over with. abruptly All I have to do is touch that little contact. The computer has its instructions and its just waiting for me to s ay Starts Would you like toNever Its all yours? Its your computer. precise well. And its my responsibility. Im still trying to duck it, you see. Keep your eye on the screenWith a remarkably steady hand and with his smile looking utterly genuine, Trevize made contact.There was a momentary pause and then the starfield changed and again and again. The stars spread steadily thicker and brighter over the viewscreen.Pelorat was counting under his breath. At 15 there was a halt, as though some piece of apparatus had jammed.Pelorat whispered, clearly afraid that any noise might jar the mechanism fatally. Whats wrong? Whats happened?Trevize shrugged. I approximate its recalculating. Some object in space is adding a perceptible bump to the general shape of the overall gravitational field some object not taken into account some uncharted dwarf star or rogue planetDangerous?Since were still alive, its almost certainly not dangerous. A planet could be a hundred million kilometers away and s till introduce a large enough gravitational modification to require recalculation. A dwarf star could be ten billion kilometers away andThe screen shifted again and Trevize fell silent. It shifted again and again. Finally, when Pelorat said, a8, there was no further motion.Trevize consulted the computer. Were here, he said.I counted the first jump as r. and in this series I started with z Thats twenty-eight jumps altogether. You said twenty-nine.The recalculation at jump is probably saved us one jump. I can check with the computer if you wish, but theres really no need. Were in the vicinity of Sayshell Planet. The computer says so and I dont doubt it. If I were to orient the screen properly, wed see a nice, bright sun, but theres no point in placing a needless strain on its screening capacity. SaysheIl Planet is the fourth one out and its about 3.2 million kilometers away from our present position, which is about as close as we want to be at a jump conclusion. We can get there in three days two, if we hurry.Trevize drew a deep breath and tried to let the tension drain.Do you realize what this means, Janov? he said. Every ship Ive ever been in or heard of would have made those jumps with at least a day in between for careful calculation and re-checking, even with a computer. The trip would have taken nearly a month.Or perhaps two or three weeks, if they were willing to be reckless about it. We did it in half an hour. When every ship is equipped with a computer like this onePelorat said, I wonder why the Mayor let us have a ship this advanced. It must be incredibly expensive.Its experimental, said Trevize dryly. Maybe fine good woman was perfectly willing to have us try it out and see what deficiencies might develop.Are you serious?Dont get nervous. After all, theres nothing to worry about. We havent found any deficiencies. I wouldnt put it past her, though. Such a thing would put no great strain on her sense of humanity. Besides, she hasnt trusted us with offensive weapons and that cuts the expense considerably.Pelorat said thoughtfully, Its the computer Im thinking about. It seems to be adjusted so well for you and it cant be adjusted that well for everyone. It just barely works with me.So much the better for us, that it works so well with one of us.Yes, but is that merely chance?What else, Janov?Surely the Mayor knows you pretty well.I think she does, the old battlecraft.Might she not have had a computer designed particularly for you?I just wonder if were not going where the computer wants to take us.Trevize stared. You mean that while Im affiliated to the computer, it is the computer and not me who is in real charge?I just wonder.That is ridiculous. Paranoid. Come on, Janov.Trevize turned back to the computer to focus Sayshell Planet on the screen and to plot a normal-space course to it.RidiculousBut why had Pelorat put the notion into his head?

‘Materialism’ and Alienation

A considerable number of scholars agree that the domination of capital, which prevails not yet on the socio-economic order but also on the production of ideas and ideologies, is responsible for the fragmentation of cultures ensuing from the destruction of human bloods and interaction. The latter arises from the permeation of capitalism into the pry systems, and, as suggested by Buber, ultimately creating the I-It relationship, in which individuals identify increasingly with actual goods, or derive their whiz of fulfillment from consuming goods and the symbols attached to these, rather than the I-thou relationship or the cultivation of meaningful relationships with their fellow individuals.As individuals seek their sense of being from consumption, they are alienated more than and more from society, which scholars such as Kasser (2003) suggests would chasten into the loss of meaning in ones life and the frustration that goes with it. This frustration is reinforced by societal st andards that put premium all over the accretion of material wealth over non-material fulfillment.The Pursuit of Money, Depression, and AlienationThis is illustrated in the life story of C.P. Ellis, a man driven to join the Klu Klux Klan by his frustration over their familys impoverishment and his own insecurity over being a low-income, white American, and his transformation into a contented labor meat organizer despite. natural into a poor family, Ellis depression over his and his familys financial view started from being perceived by others as poor and impoverished in his childhood, as reflected by the way he felt people treated him and his fall in somebody looking at him and making fun of him and making fun of me.His fathers unhappiness mirror the same unhappiness that characterized Ellis life as he struggled to make ends meet for his own family later on, to work, never a side reliable day without work, worked all the overtime I could get. Ellis predicament, according to K asser (2003), is typical of people who strongly value the pursuit of wealth and possessions. Kasser notes that these people report lower psychological well-being than those who are less concerned with such aims. Not surprisingly, Ellis earlier experiences wherein his concern and frustration over financial freedom is marked by the absence of a social life and of meaningful interactions with people as his life is taken over by the need to his above his socio-economic status.This makes him unable to see people beyond the labels and the propaganda, and also illustrate the attraction of the Ku Klux Klan to white, low-income individuals. Thus, Ellis motivation for joining the Ku Klux Klan, is his resentment and bitterness to his inability to move up the rungs of the economic and social ladder.Racist Organizations and the Reinforcement of complaisant IsolationThe Ku Klux Klan, as a group that presents itself as the savior of the white race, also contains within itself the racist symbols of being superior, a superiority complex that is ground on the skin color of being white. The Ku Klux Klan therefore presents an opportunity to feel advocate in another way, by vowing to uphold the purity of the white race, interlocking communism, and protect white womanhood. .For C.P. Ellis, the moment of empowerment is his being exalted Cyclops of the Klan but it is merely an extension of his yearning for a higher social status Heres a guy whos worked all his life and struggled all his life to be something, and heres the moment to be something.However, the Klu Klux Klan does not give its members a sense of fulfillment that is based on being able to cultivate a meaningful relationship between its members, but reinforces the closing off of another marginalized sector of societythe black people. Moreover, the Klans power is based not on the empowerment of the sector it represents On the contrary, it blurs its members ability to recognize the real problems of social inequality by c uriously turning to the blacks as a channel for the dissipation of its anger. While Ellis is interested in the Klan for its sense of belonging, he was more drawn to the aspect of being in controlsomething that, while he clearly could not achieve by being poor, he could at to the lowest degree exercise on people deemed to be inferior by society.Ellis, however, was not intent on deriving meaning from the sort associated with spirituality and religion domicile life, relationships, and familyhaving fun and excitementand contributing to the community (Kasser 2003). He was merely looking for a scapegoat to focus his resentment on, from which he thought he could run across the large number of possible goals people might have, such as desires to feel safe and secure, to help the world be a better place, to have a great sex life, and to have good relationships with other. (Kasser 2003) In this phase of his life, Ellis therefore retains the I-it relationship in his life suggested by Buber t hrough his remaining reversion with material wealth and the social status that comes with it.Transformation, Empowerment, and RedemptionIronically, C.P. Ellis genuine empowerment would come not from material success but from disillusionment with the false power of the Klu Klux Klan and subsequent transformation into a man who recognized that people were more than their skin color. This would come from his reluctant involvement with the efforts to minimize racial discrimination in which he was forced to work with Ann Atwatera black civil rights advocateto pursue a better school system for their children. Ellis transformation would not be easy, however, and it would only come with the realization that those who had economic and governmental power were using the rift between the blacks and the whites to further their own agendas As long as they unbroken low-income whites and low income blacks fighting, theyre gonna maintain control.This realization would preclude his transformation as he knew more about the relationship between economic status and political power, and as he realized the importance of solidarity with his fellow poor The whole world was opening up , and I was learning new truths that I had never learned before. I was beginning to look at a black person, shake hands with him, and see him as a human being. The attainment of wealth would grow less and less for C. P. Ellis as he discovered that although material things were important to people, individuals should not let it rule their lives.Consequently, Ellis concern on the goals of the labor union with which he would be involved in later, would give him more happiness and fulfillment, his sense of self mirroring the state attained by people motivated by growth, meaning, and aesthetics, rather than by insecurity and the attempt to fit in with what other people expect (Kasser, 2003). Ellis life and general direction is now a plain contrast to the sense of low well-being, high distress, and difficul ty adjusting to life (Kasser, 2003) that he experienced earlier in his life when his sense of self was anchored on material possessions.C.P. Ellis life and experience therefore reflects the dangers of material wealth as a central figure in ones life. It provides a concrete caseful of one mans transcendence over the alienation that people in a highly consumerist and materialist society experiences, and illustrates the importance of establishing an I-Thou basis of our identity and sense of self rather than anchoring our lives to the pursuit of financial gains. More importantly, it shows how having control on ones life will not be achieved solely by having financial control, but by being able to appease our conscience, and striving for the higher ideals of humanity.

Information Based Decision Making Essay

SummaryThe objective of this report is to look at information establish arresting making and demonstrate how the finales have been made. I pull up stakes look into what sources of entropy is needed to generate the information required for effective decision making. The information gathered is then analysed and presented. The investigation is based on the effectiveness of student use or training within in the educational environment of purchasing a Pacojet. Pacojet is a professional kitchen appliance that micro-purees deep-frozen foods into ultra-fine textures (such as mousses, sauces and sorbets) without thawing (Wikipedia, 2012).The recommendation which get out be made to the Hospitality Head of Department where the decision making crop responsibility lies is Pacojet is a modern piece of equipment used in restaurants worldwide. Students with access or experience with a Pacojet would be beneficial in the hospitality diligence as the students knowledge would enhance creativit y within themselves and in the long run save their prox employers training costs. Pacojet is versatile with ingredients, produces a superior end product, saves time with labour, raw material and if operated efficiently the Pacojet would pay for itself within three months.IntroductionPacojet is a dynamic professional kitchen appliance that makes it easy to prep atomic number 18 high-quality dishes duration saving time, labour and reducing food waste. Tens of thousands of chefs worldwide rely on Pacojet to produce exquisite mousses, sauces and ice creams at the press of a button. No bailiwick what the season, your culinary creations bequeath be complimented for their intense, natural flavours. (Studios, 2012) As gaining in-person experience with the Pacojet while working within the industry, sharing my experience with the students during practical classes verbally and with diagrams does non effectively engage the students with the learning experience.Having comparable products w ithin the practical class where the students could make the items themselves using two mouldes, one being the Pacojet. The products would then be compared visually, appreciation and the cost effectiveness thus enhancing the learners experience with in the practical kitchen. The data sources used were chosen because as the information of necessity to be fit for purpose. It needs to be relevant, current, adequate, timely, reliable, and of course cost effective.There are two types of information that can be take ined primary and alternative. Primary information is data collected first hand whilst Secondary information is published data and the data collected in the past or other parties. The primary information selected in this report is evaluate replies from experienced Head Chefs working within various areas in the industry, as well as information gathered from the manufacturer and suppliers. The secondary information that has been collected are various types of media releases r elated to the year 2012, also articles discussing pigment equipment changes within the kitchen when modify or starting new. Additionally case studies and personal recommendations on purchasing Pacojet equipment have been resourced as well.Quantitative information is data that is numerical information (numbers). The Quantitative data gathered is the data gathered from the survey replies, also the data on the Pacojet cost, as well as the pay back calculation in relation to sales and profit. The qualitative information is, data that approximates or characterizes but does not measure the attributes, characteristics, properties (Dictionary, 2012) The qualitative information collected is the non-numerical details such as the survey results before being graphed and just based on an individual opinion. Also the operation information on the Pacojet and additionally case studies and personal recommendations While collecting, analysing and storing data legal requirements must be adhered to. The key principles in the Data protection Act areData go away be processed fairly and law-abidingly.Personal data gathered for specific and lawful purposes.Data will be adequate and relevant.Personal data will be accurate and in date.Personal data shall not be unploughed for longer than necessary. Personal data if used unlawfully will have consequences. Personal data should not be transferred outside the European Economic area. kick upstairs information on the Data Protection Act can be found at www.ico.gov.ik The methods of communicating the information found are a PowerPoint presentation, interest a practical demonstration within a classroom.Some people are auditory learners, and some are visual learners, which simply mean they process and retain information better by either hearing it or seeing it. One of the advantages to PowerPoint is that it presents information simultaneously to both styles of learners (Dowell, 2012) The practical demonstration will provide a hands on ap proach to show the ease of operating a Pacojet, as well as offering a relation of products produced be the Pacojet.The practical demonstration consisted of comparing ice cream, sorbets and a variety of savoury sauces made the traditional method the Pacojet. The outcome was favourable towards the Pacojet. Recipe costings, appreciation and presentation were all succeeded towards the Pacojet.A high-quality decision helps an organization accomplish its strategic goals and also meets the needs of the organizations employees, executives, stockholders, consumers, or suppliers (Unknown, 2012) The decision making models utilise during this report were the Decision Tree, and the OODA Loop Sequence. The Decision Tree provides a highly effective structure within which you can lay out options and investigate the thinkable outcomes of choosing those options. They also help you to form a balanced picture of the risks and rewards associated with each possible course of action. (Anon., 2012)In c reating the decision tree, this allows thought and reflection regarding the Pacojet and the data that will be collected. This also acknowledges the visualisation on outcomes or solutions that have not been considered, as well as the areas focused on. The benefits of constructing a Decision Tree are the clarity of the problem is focused on as well as providing a framework to determine the values of outcomes and the possibilities of achieving them.The OODA Loop sequence1. Observe collect current information from as many sources as practically possible. During this stage looking out for new information is required. The more information gathered will result in being more precise in your observation. 2. Orient analyse the information, and use it to update your current reality. This is the interpretation of the situation. Each individual is influenced when analysing the situation. hind end Boyd former US Air Force Colonel identifies five main influences. Cultural traditions. Genetic he ritage. The ability to analyse and synthesize. Previous experience. New information coming in. (2012)3. patch up determine a course of action. As cycling the OODA Loops new information or decisions made can change past decisions and actions. The outcome is that learning occurs during the sew stage, in which influences the decision making process. 4. Act follow through on your decision. The decision is applied and the cycle repeats back to the observe stage where the effects of the decision making can be observed. The OODA Loops sequence is a fast paced decision making model. Here you should have a fast momentum in which you point and reorient based upon new information coming in. There should be a smooth transition between the stages. This allows you a proactive approach in quick decision making which is beneficial in keeping on top of your competitors.Conclusion/RecommendationIn conclusion the information gathered and presented will not have a formal decision made upon by myse lf. The information is presented and passed on the Head of the Department. Here a decision will be made and then a purchased order place. The information selected in this report is survey replies from experienced Head Chefs working within various areas in the industry, as well as information gathered from the manufacturer and suppliers. The information that has been collected are various types of media releases related to the year 2012, also articles discussing key equipment changes within the kitchen when updating or starting new.Additionally case studies and personal recommendations on purchasing Pacojet equipment have been resourced as well. The information collected though not all verbalise within the report gave a solid background and self-confidence within when presenting the PowerPoint and practical presentation. The final recommendation remains Students with access or experience with a Pacojet would be beneficial in the hospitality industry as the students knowledge would e nhance creativity within themselves and in the long run save their future employers training costs. Pacojet is versatile with ingredients, produces a superior end product, saves time with labour, raw material and if operated efficiently the Pacojet would pay for itself within three months.

Dimensions of Behavior

The dimensions of behavior produce more than a dozen models of behavioral differences, and usually these models are organism grouped into four different styles or categories (1) the pronouncement style (2) the interactive style (3) the steadiness style and (4) the cautious style (Alvarez, year, p. 5).Based on the profile that is being reflected in the paper The DISC Platinum Rule Behavioral Style Assessment of Mario Alvarez, wherein the four behavioral styles or categories are being mentioned, it is apparent that I belong to The Cautious Style, which represent people who are analytical, systematic and enjoys problem solving (Alvarez, year, p. 6). I am detail-oriented, task-oriented, and enjoy perfecting processes, as they reflect the strengths of the personality that I have.I work at a sluggisher pace and usually double-check my work. I am a good listener and usually ask a lot of questions. For the weaknesses, I tend to become disquieting around people who are very out-going or those who are in The Interactive Style. I likewise tend to see the more serious and complex side of situations, and I have high expectations of myself and others, make me a more over-critical person, especially when deciding and seeing things about myself or others.I am a slow and deliberate decision-maker and I am always skeptical. Some of these strengths and weaknesses have been identified in the assessment, which reveals the main background why I agree with the assessment being made. Having a behavioral style that is analytical, systematic, detail-oriented, and task-oriented, my effect on the team lies on the fact that I am critical and systematic in solving problems and in making decisions (at a slower pace), which helps the team by providing a logical explanation of the things at hand.However, I am non always close to people, and with high expectations of others, I tend to have difficulty in negotiating with my team mates, especially that I see only the smaller scale of the whole picture and not the entirety of the picture. I am only good when it comes to analyzing processes and not when inspiring people to do their duties.

Early year’s child care Essay

Being able to motivate members of provide is a progression towards this. As Mayo found with his workforce, if the provide felt valued, they were much willing to work harder and longer for their manager. Motivating the staff is by no means a simple task, as it means utilising a balance of some(prenominal) people and interpersonal skills. These skills can be grouped into various management styles and each member of staff will require the manager to adapt the style according to their own personality. The setting, which is the subject of this work, provides a soundly example of the various styles of management needed in order to supervise the workforce.One member of staff is very c atomic number 18free and relaxed in her work and therefore needs an autocratic, or coercive management style. She is, however, incessantly willing to do as she is told and thrives on carrying out instructions as they are precondition. Were the manager to expend a laissez-faire approach here, the jobs allocated to this member of staff would non get done. To examine this in more detail, just one of the managers duties is to contain that craft supplies are adequately stocked. As with many of the managers tasks, this is one that can be delegated to another member of staff.This particular worker is given this task to do and due it being given to her as a direct instruction, she is happy to snuff it with enthusiasm and little procrastination. If, however a more laissez-faire approach were used, she could feel that the task was not important and may leave it until such a time as she chose to do it. These skills and qualities of the manager are familiar with Herzbergs (1968) two f recreateor theory of motivation. He recognised that offering staff the chance of achievement, recognition, involvement, responsibility and empowerment, is the path to true motivation (Dale, 1992).This is the opinion of Ridderstrale and Nordstrom. In early years leadership it is particularly important. Th e manager constantly has to implement metamorphose, often following government legislation. It is the role of the manager, as the leader to ensure all staff members can adjust to these new implementations, instead of clinging on to methods previously followed. The manager of the chosen nursery has an effective method of executing change. If the change has occurred at nursery level, the chances are it has arisen and been discussed during a staff meeting.If the changes come from elsewhere, for example, a government paper, the manager would first address the urgency of the change, before deciding on a course of action. The agenda for meetings is always displayed onto a notice board for all the staff to view. If the change is one that does not require immediate action, it will be added to the board, next to the agenda. However, should it be necessary to act immediately, then a meeting will be called, either with all the staff, or with individual members accordingly.

Essay on Mobile Revolution Essay

Mobiles argon no more a luxury or a life style product. Mobile shouts, which were one of the beautiful possessions of anybody not until a decade ago, have now become a necessity to the common man. The entry of private returns providers with CTMA, GSM and of course, 3G technologies has changed the Communication sector in India beyond imagination. Many new competitors have entered the alert market resulting in reduction of the STD rates and Local call rates. Plans be similarly on anvil to enable alert users to switch over to other service providers without changing their number, also called Mobile Number Portability (MNP).The industrious users in India have improverd tremendously during the last decade. Youth, both in rural and urban India, have welcomed and recognized fluents with open hands. The decrease in call rates can be imagined from the fact that it cost nearly? 16 per minute when mobiles were introduced in India and today it costs as little as 1 paisa per 2 seconds offered by companies like MTS. Even the size of mobile phones has changed to an out of the question level. They have become very practised today compargond to their walkie-talkie resemblance when they were introduced.The immense benefit offered by a mobile has triggered this regeneration. With a mobile phone in hand, one can be available round the clock, and can get the with-it info on anything. The availability of internet on mobile phones has increased its utility tremendously. It has made mobile phones, to an extent, an essential item for carrying out a business transaction. The facility of sending rook messages or pictures enables a soulfulness to send the message across without actually bothering to disturb the other person.For traders, it helps them get the price enlarge of any products without even bringing the products to the market. The introduction of mobile banking helps people carry their bank in their mobile. well-nigh people even carry their office in their mo bile phones. However, mobile phones also have just about demerits as they can be used to detonate bombs. Some instruments which have cameras in them can be used for taking unnecessary photographs. Constant use of mobile phones may create health problems and increase risk of accidents on road.In spite of these demerits, mobile phones are becoming popular day-by-day as their advantages moderately outweigh the demerits. In fact, the mobile revolution has occurred very fast in India. This symbolizes the countrys renewal from an inward looking tentative nature to a confident and resurgent global economic power. The mobile phone service providers have also increased manifold during the years. Some of the important market players are Aircel, Airtel, BSNL, MTNL, Idea Cellular, Tata Indicom, Tata DoCoMo, Reliance Communications, Virgin Mobile, Vodafone, Videocon Telecommunications, MTS India and Spice Telecom.Even in rural India, mobile phone has brought a tremendous change to rural telep hony, marginalizing the middlemen and empowering women, strengthened by the formation of self-help groups. It has vastly improved access to information and helped in the explosive growth in connectivity. Even at sea, fishermen in Kerala use the mobiles to keep undercut of rates for their catch in the market. The improvement in infrastructure and support from the Government has acted as a catalyst for mobiles to make tremendous inroads into rural India.The role of mobile telephones are varied, in that, they help judge the market information, coordinate travel and transport, manage remote activities and increase the remunerative working days. As a result, the rural marketing scenario has also undergone a change. Today, the rural consumer is better informed and price conscious. The total mobile penetration is increasing at a quick pace with companies like Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, Reliance Communications, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone, Tata Teleservices, etc. aving expose big ne twain rk expansion plans and innovative marketing strategies specially tailored region-wise. Some of these companies are employ a door-to-door marketing strategy in villages and B and C category census towns. They are involving members of gram panchayats and trained market-feelers to make residents aware of the usefulness of mobile telephony and how the system of pre-paid refills work. Handset manufacturers too are gearing up with Nokia incorporating nine Indian languages on certain handsets to promote sales.Value-for- money handsets priced surrounded by 1,000 and 1,400 with a plethora of tariff plans to choose from is also one of the reasons for driving subscription growth in these regions. Handsets are being imported in bulk by some service providers. It is expected that voice short messaging service will become a focus area in future, especially in rural areas and service providers are already planning implementation of the same. The pace at which mobile revolution has occurred in I ndia can be attributed to the easy to catch operations.For an illiterate, mobiles phones were so easy to operate that they needed to understand only two buttons the green button for answering a call and the red button for disconnecting a call. Everything else can be learnt with usage and passage of time. Even today, most of the mobiles are used on this two button principle, which makes it a popular device. Gone are the days when people use to queue up before a Public Call Office (PCO) and wait their turn for an hour, only to end up without connectivity.Mobile phones have also removed the necessity to remember telephone numbers of other people. In-built phone books in the instruments enable a person to call the other person, without ever having to remember the other persons number. Actually, mobile phones have become an all-in-one tool in the pocket, which has replaced even the old pocket diary. It is also slowly replacing purse, with the introduction of mobile transactions. No wond er, life without mobile phones have become unimaginable and unthinkable to many.